山东太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)指(zhi)无需通过(guo)热过(guo)程直(zhi)接将(jiang)光(guang)(guang)能(neng)转(zhuan)变(bian)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式。 它包括(kuo)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)化(hua)学发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)、光(guang)(guang)感(gan)应(ying)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)和光(guang)(guang)生物发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)。 光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)是(shi)利用(yong)太(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)级半导体电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子器件有(you)效地吸收太(tai)阳(yang)光(guang)(guang)辐射能(neng)，并使之(zhi)转(zhuan)变(bian)成(cheng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)能(neng)的直(zhi)接发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)方(fang)式，是(shi)当今太(tai)阳(yang)光(guang)(guang)发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)的主流。在光(guang)(guang)化(hua)学发(fa)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)中有(you)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)化(hua)学光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池、光(guang)(guang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)解(jie)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池和光(guang)(guang)催化(hua)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池，目(mu)前得到实际应(ying)用(yong)的是(shi)光(guang)(guang)伏(fu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池。

　　光伏(fu)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统(tong)主要(yao)由太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、控(kong)制器和(he)逆变器组成，其中太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)是(shi)光伏(fu)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统(tong)的关键部分，太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)板的质量(liang)和(he)成本将直(zhi)接决定整(zheng)个(ge)系统(tong)的质量(liang)和(he)成本。太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)主要(yao)分为(wei)晶(jing)体(ti)硅(gui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)薄膜电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)两类，前者包括单晶(jing)硅(gui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、多(duo)晶(jing)硅(gui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)两种，后者主要(yao)包括非晶(jing)体(ti)硅(gui)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)、铜铟镓(jia)硒太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)和(he)碲(di)化镉太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)(yang)(yang)能(neng)(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)。

山东太阳能发电的分(fen)类(lei)

　　单(dan)(dan)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)山东太(tai)阳能(neng)发电(dian)的光(guang)(guang)电(dian)转换(huan)效率(lv)(lv)为15%左右，最高(gao)可(ke)达23%，在太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池中光(guang)(guang)电(dian)转换(huan)效率(lv)(lv)最高(gao)，但(dan)其(qi)制造(zao)成(cheng)本高(gao)。单(dan)(dan)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池的使(shi)用寿命一般可(ke)达15年，最高(gao)可(ke)达25年。多(duo)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池的光(guang)(guang)电(dian)转换(huan)效率(lv)(lv)为14%到16%，其(qi)制作(zuo)成(cheng)本低于单(dan)(dan)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池，因此得到大量(liang)发展，但(dan)多(duo)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池的使(shi)用寿命要比单(dan)(dan)晶硅(gui)(gui)(gui)太(tai)阳能(neng)电(dian)池要短。

　　薄膜山(shan)东太(tai)阳能发电(dian)是用(yong)硅、硫化镉(ge)、砷化镓等(deng)薄(bo)膜(mo)为基(ji)(ji)体材料(liao)的(de)太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)电池(chi)。薄(bo)膜(mo)太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)电池(chi)可以使用(yong)质轻(qing)、价低(di)的(de)基(ji)(ji)底(di)材料(liao)(如玻璃(li)、塑料(liao)、陶瓷等(deng))来制(zhi)造，形(xing)成可产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)电压的(de)薄(bo)膜(mo)厚度不到(dao)1微米，便于(yu)运(yun)输和安装。然而(er)，沉淀(dian)在(zai)异(yi)质基(ji)(ji)底(di)上的(de)薄(bo)膜(mo)会(hui)产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)一些缺(que)陷，因此现有(you)的(de)碲化镉(ge)和铜铟(yin)镓硒太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)电池(chi)的(de)规模化量产(chan)转换效率只有(you)12%到(dao)14%，而(er)其理论(lun)上限可达29%。如果(guo)在(zai)生(sheng)(sheng)产(chan)过程中能(neng)够减(jian)少(shao)碲化镉(ge)的(de)缺(que)陷，将(jiang)会(hui)增(zeng)加电池(chi)的(de)寿命，并提高其转化效率。这就需要(yao)研究缺(que)陷产(chan)生(sheng)(sheng)的(de)原因，以及减(jian)少(shao)缺(que)陷和控(kong)制(zhi)质量的(de)途径。太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)电池(chi)界面也很关(guan)键，需要(yao)大量的(de)研发投入(ru)。