烟台太阳(yang)能发(fa)电(dian)(dian)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)电(dian)(dian)池组(zu)件(jian)将太阳(yang)能直接(jie)转(zhuan)变(bian)为电(dian)(dian)能的(de)(de)(de)装(zhuang)置(zhi)。太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池组(zu)件(jian)(Solar cells)是(shi)利(li)用(yong)(yong)半(ban)导体材料的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)子学特性实现(xian)(xian)P-V转(zhuan)换的(de)(de)(de)固体装(zhuang)置(zhi)，在广大的(de)(de)(de)无电(dian)(dian)力网(wang)地区，该装(zhuang)置(zhi)可以方便(bian)地实现(xian)(xian)为用(yong)(yong)户(hu)照明(ming)及(ji)生活供电(dian)(dian)，一(yi)(yi)些(xie)发(fa)达国家还可与区域电(dian)(dian)网(wang)并网(wang)实现(xian)(xian)互补。目 前从民(min)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)角度，在国外技术研究趋于(yu)成熟(shu)且初(chu)具产业化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)是(shi)"光伏--建(jian)筑(照明(ming))一(yi)(yi)体化(hua)"技术，而国内主要(yao)研究生产适用(yong)(yong)于(yu)无电(dian)(dian)地区家庭照明(ming)用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)小型(xing)太阳(yang)能发(fa)电(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)。太阳(yang)能发(fa)电(dian)(dian)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)主要(yao)包括(kuo)：太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池组(zu)件(jian)(阵列)、控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)、蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)池、逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)、用(yong)(yong)户(hu)即照明(ming)负(fu)(fu)载等组(zu)成。其中(zhong)，太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池组(zu)件(jian)和蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)池为电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)系(xi)(xi)统(tong)，控(kong)制(zhi)器(qi)和逆(ni)变(bian)器(qi)为控(kong)制(zhi)保护系(xi)(xi)统(tong)，负(fu)(fu)载为系(xi)(xi)统(tong)终端(duan)。太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池与蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)池组(zu)成系(xi)(xi)统(tong)的(de)(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)源(yuan)单(dan)元，因(yin)此蓄(xu)电(dian)(dian)池性能直接(jie)影响着系(xi)(xi)统(tong)工作(zuo)特性。

　　电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)单(dan)(dan)元由于技术和材(cai)(cai)料原因，单(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)(de)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量是(shi)十分有(you)限(xian)的(de)(de)，实(shi)用(yong)中的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)单(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)经串、并(bing)联(lian)组成的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)系统，称(cheng)为电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)组件(jian)(阵(zhen)列)。单(dan)(dan)一(yi)(yi)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)是(shi)一(yi)(yi)只硅(gui)晶体二极管，根据半导(dao)体材(cai)(cai)料的(de)(de)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)学特性，当太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)光照射(she)到由P型(xing)和N型(xing)两(liang)种不同(tong)导(dao)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)类(lei)型(xing)的(de)(de)同(tong)质半导(dao)体材(cai)(cai)料构成的(de)(de)P-N结上(shang)(shang)时，在(zai)一(yi)(yi)定(ding)的(de)(de)条件(jian)下，太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)辐(fu)射(she)被(bei)半导(dao)体材(cai)(cai)料吸收(shou)，在(zai)导(dao)带和价带中产生非平衡(heng)载(zai)流子(zi)即电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子(zi)和空穴。同(tong)于P-N结势(shi)垒区存在(zai)着较强的(de)(de)内建静电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)，因而能(neng)(neng)在(zai)光照下形(xing)成电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流密度J，短路电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流Isc，开(kai)路电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)压(ya)Uoc。若(ruo)在(zai)内建电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)场(chang)的(de)(de)两(liang)侧面引出电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)极并(bing)接上(shang)(shang)负载(zai)，理论上(shang)(shang)讲由P-N结、连接电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路和负载(zai)形(xing)成的(de)(de)回路，就有(you)"光生电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流"流过，太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)组件(jian)就实(shi)现(xian)了对负载(zai)的(de)(de)功率(lv)P输(shu)出。理论研究表(biao)明，太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)能(neng)(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)组件(jian)的(de)(de)峰值功率(lv)Pk，由当地的(de)(de)太(tai)(tai)阳(yang)平均辐(fu)射(she)强度与(yu)末端的(de)(de)用(yong)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)负荷(需电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)量)决定(ding)。

　　储存单元太阳(yang)能电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)产(chan)生的直流(liu)电(dian)(dian)先进入蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)储存，蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)的特性影响(xiang)着系统的工作效率和特性。蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)技术是十(shi)分(fen)成熟的，但其容(rong)量要受到末端需电(dian)(dian)量，日照(zhao)时间(发电(dian)(dian)时间)的影响(xiang)。因此蓄电(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)瓦时容(rong)量和安时容(rong)量由(you)预(yu)定的连(lian)续无日照(zhao)时间决定。

烟台太阳能发电(dian)装(zhuang)置

　　控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)的(de)主(zhu)要功(gong)能(neng)是使太(tai)阳能(neng)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)系统始(shi)终(zhong)(zhong)处(chu)于发电(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)最大功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)点(dian)附近，以获得最高(gao)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)。而(er)充电(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)通常采(cai)用脉冲宽(kuan)度调制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)技术即PWM控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)方式，使整(zheng)个(ge)系统始(shi)终(zhong)(zhong)运行于最大功(gong)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)点(dian)Pm附近区域。放(fang)电(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)主(zhu)要是指当电(dian)(dian)(dian)池缺电(dian)(dian)(dian)、系统故障，如电(dian)(dian)(dian)池开(kai)路(lu)或接反(fan)时切断开(kai)关(guan)。目 前日立(li)公司研制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出了既能(neng)跟踪调控点(dian)Pm，又(you)能(neng)跟踪太(tai)阳移动参(can)数的(de)"向日葵(kui)"式控制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器(qi)，将(jiang)固定电(dian)(dian)(dian)池组件的(de)效(xiao)率(lv)(lv)(lv)(lv)提高(gao)了50%左右。

　　逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)按激(ji)励方式(shi)，可分为自激(ji)式(shi)振(zhen)荡逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)和他激(ji)式(shi)振(zhen)荡逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)。主要功能(neng)是将蓄(xu)电(dian)池的直流(liu)(liu)电(dian)逆(ni)变(bian)(bian)成(cheng)交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)。通(tong)过(guo)全桥电(dian)路，一般采用(yong)SPWM处理(li)器(qi)(qi)经过(guo)调制、滤波、升压(ya)等，得到与(yu)照(zhao)明(ming)负载频率f，额(e)定(ding)电(dian)压(ya)UN等匹配的正弦交流(liu)(liu)电(dian)供系统终端用(yong)户使用(yong)。

　　防(fang)(fang)反(fan)充二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)烟台太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)能发电(dian)系统的(de)防(fang)(fang)反(fan)充二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)又(you)称(cheng)阻塞(sai)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)，在(zai)(zai)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)组件中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)其(qi)作(zuo)用(yong)是避免由于(yu)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)方(fang)阵(zhen)在(zai)(zai)阴雨(yu)和夜晚(wan)不(bu)发电(dian)或出现短路(lu)(lu)故障时(shi)，擂(lei)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)组通过太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)方(fang)阵(zhen)放电(dian)。防(fang)(fang)反(fan)充二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)串联(lian)在(zai)(zai)太(tai)阳(yang)(yang)电(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)(chi)方(fang)阵(zhen)电(dian)路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)，起单向(xiang)导通作(zuo)用(yong)。因此(ci)它(ta)必须保证回路(lu)(lu)中(zhong)(zhong)(zhong)有最(zui)(zui)大电(dian)流，而且(qie)要承受最(zui)(zui)大反(fan)向(xiang)电(dian)压的(de)冲(chong)击。一般可选用(yong)合适的(de)整流二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)作(zuo)为(wei)防(fang)(fang)反(fan)充二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)。一块板的(de)话可以不(bu)用(yong)任何二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)，因为(wei)控制器本来(lai)就(jiu)可防(fang)(fang)反(fan)冲(chong)。板子(zi)(zi)串联(lian)的(de)话，需要安装旁路(lu)(lu)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)，如(ru)果是并联(lian)的(de)话就(jiu)要装个防(fang)(fang)反(fan)冲(chong)二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)，防(fang)(fang)止板子(zi)(zi)直接冲(chong)电(dian)。防(fang)(fang)反(fan)充二(er)(er)(er)(er)极(ji)(ji)管(guan)只是保护作(zuo)用(yong)，不(bu)会影响发电(dian)效果。

　　效率在烟台太阳能发电(dian)系统中，系统的(de)(de)(de)总(zong)效率(lv)ηese由电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)组(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)PV转(zhuan)换(huan)率(lv)、控制器效率(lv)、蓄电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)效率(lv)、逆变器效率(lv)及(ji)(ji)负载(zai)的(de)(de)(de)效率(lv)等(deng)组(zu)成(cheng)。但(dan)相(xiang)对(dui)于(yu)太阳能(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)技(ji)术来讲，要(yao)比(bi)控制器、逆变器及(ji)(ji)照明(ming)负载(zai)等(deng)其(qi)它单元的(de)(de)(de)技(ji)术及(ji)(ji)生(sheng)产水平(ping)要(yao)成(cheng)熟得多，而且(qie)系统的(de)(de)(de)转(zhuan)换(huan)率(lv)只有17%左右(you)。因此提高电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)组(zu)件的(de)(de)(de)转(zhuan)换(huan)率(lv)，降低单位功率(lv)造价是(shi)太阳能(neng)发电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)产业(ye)化(hua)的(de)(de)(de)重点和难点。太阳能(neng)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)问世以来，晶体硅(gui)作为主角(jiao)材料(liao)保持着(zhe)统治地位。对(dui)硅(gui)电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)转(zhuan)换(huan)率(lv)的(de)(de)(de)研究，主要(yao)围绕着(zhe)加大吸能(neng)面，如(ru)双(shuang)面电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，减小(xiao)反射;运用(yong)吸杂技(ji)术减小(xiao)半导体材料(liao)的(de)(de)(de)复合;电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)超薄型化(hua);改进理论，建立新模型;聚光电(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)等(deng)。